lasenza

graduate training level through inclusion of sexual orientations in course curricula and research.

REFERENCES

Allport, G.W. (1958). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books.

Beane, J. (1981). I'd rather be dead than gay: Counseling gay men who are coming out. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60, 222-226. Blumstein, P.W., & Schwartz, P. (1976). Bisexuality in women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 5(2), 171–181.

Blumstein, P.W., & Schwartz, P. (1977). Bisexuality: Some social and psychological issues. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 30-45.

Brammer, L.M., & Shostrom, E.L. (1977). Therapeutic psychology: Fundamentals of counseling and psychotherapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Brown, S.D., & Lent, R.W. (Eds.). (1984). Handbook of counseling psychology. New York: Wiley.

Carlson, H.M. (1985, August). Employment issues for researchers on lesbian and gay issues. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA. Cass, V.C. (1985). Homosexual identity: A concept in need of definition. In J.P. De Cecco & M.G. Shively (Eds.), Origins of sexuality and homosexuality (pp. 105-126). New York: Harrington Park Press. Cavin, S. (1985). Lesbian origins. San Francisco: Ism Press, Inc. Cayleff, S. (1986). Ethical issues in counseling gender, race and culturally distinct groups. Journal of Counseling and Development 64(5), 345–

347.

Clark, D. (1977). Loving someone gay. Millbrai, CA: Celestial Arts. Coleman, E. (1988). Assessment of sexual orientation. In E. Coleman (Ed.), Integrated identity for gay men and lesbians: Psychotherapeutic approaches for emotional well-being (pp. 9-124). New York: Harrington Park Press.

Gonsiorek, J.C. (Ed.). (1985). A guide to psychotherapy with gay men and lesbian clients. New York: Harrington Park Press. Gonsiorek, J.C. (1986, February). From disease to affirmation: Working therapeutically with gay men and lesbians. Paper presented at conference sponsored by the Institute for Human Identity, New York, NY. Hetrick, E., & Stein, T. (Eds.). (1984). Innovation in psychotherapy with homosexuals. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Hidalgo, H., Peterson, T., & Woodman, N. (Eds.). (1984). Resource manual: Gay and lesbian issues. Silver Spring, MD: NASW. Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B., & Martin, C.E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B., Martin, C.E., & Gebhard, P.H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Klein, F., Sepekoff, B., & Wolf, T. (1985). Sexual orientation: A multivariable dynamic process. In F. Klein & T. Wolf (Eds.), Two lives to lead: Bisexuality in men and women (pp.35-49). New York: Harrington Park Press.

Landis, C.E., & Miller, H.R. (1975). Sexual awareness training for counselors. Teachers of Psychology, 2, 33-36.

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MacDonald, A.P. (1981). Bisexuality: Some comments on research theory. Journal of Homosexuality, 6(3), 21-35.

Masters, W.H., & Johnson, Y.E. (1979). Homosexuality in perspective. New York: Little, Brown.

Meador, B.D., & Rogers, C.R. (1973). Client-centered therapy. In R. Corsini (Ed.), Current psychotherapies (119-165). Itasca, IL: Peacock. Morin, S.F. (1977). Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality. American Psychologist, 32(8), 629-637.

Myers, R.A. (1982). Education and training-The next decade. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(2), 39-44.

Norton, J.L. (1976). The homosexual and counseling. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 54(7), 374-377.

Norton, J.L. (1982). Integrating gay issues into counselor education. Counselor Education and Supervision 21(3), 208-212.

Nuehring, E.M., Fein, S.B., & Tyler, M. (1975). The gay college student: Perspectives for mental health professionals. The Counseling Psychologist, 4, 64-72.

Paul, W., Weinrich, J.D., Gonsiorek, J.C., & Hotvedt, M.E. (Eds.). (1982). Homosexuality: Social, psychological and biological issues. Final Report of the SPSSI Task Force on Sexual Orientation. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Ponse, B. (1978). Identities in the lesbian world: The social construction of self. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Richardson, D. (1985). The dilemma of essentiality in homosexual theory. In J.P. De Cecco & M.G. Shively (Eds.), Origins of sexuality and homosexuality (pp. 79-90). New York: Harrington Park Press. Richardson, M.S., & Johnson, M. (1984). Counseling women. In S.D. Brown & R.W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (832877). New York: Wiley.

Riddle, D.I., & Sang, B. (1978). Psychotherapy with lesbians. Journal of Social Issues, 34(3), 84-100.

Shively, M.G., & De Cecco, J.P. (1977). Components of sexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 3, 41-48.

Siegel, R.J. (1985). Beyond homophobia: Learning to work with lesbian clients. In L.B. Rosewater & L.E.A. Walker (Eds.), Handbook of feminist therapy: Women's issues in psychotherapy (183-190). New York: Springer.

Sophie, J. (1982). Counseling lesbians. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(6), 341-345.

Thompson, G.H., & Fishburn, W.R. (1977). Attitudes toward homosexuality among graduate counseling students. Counselor Education and Supervision 17(2), 121–130.

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Martin's.

Suzanne Iasenza is an instructor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York City. Correspondence regarding this article should be sent to Suzanne lasenza, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, 445 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019.

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Incorporating Lesbian and Gay

Issues Into Counselor Training:

A Resource Guide

ROBIN A. BUHRKE

In order for counselors to facilitate the growth of their lesbian and gay clients, they must be familiar with and become sensitive to the special needs of this population. However, most counselors and counselor trainees have had little exposure to these needs. One way of increasing their awareness and sensitivity is to incorporate lesbian and gay issues into counselor training programs. The focus of this article is to present a limited list of strategies and resources that can be used to supplement materials in traditional courses in counselor training so as to better prepare counselors for dealing with lesbian and gay clients.

he ethical standards of the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) state that "memdignity, potential, and uniqueness of each individual... [and] .. the counselor guards the individual rights and personal dignity of the client in the counseling relationship" (AACD, 1981). One dimension along which people differ is that of sexual orientation. Thus, it is the ethical counselor who respects the worth, dignity, potential, and uniqueness of heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian and gay people. In order for counselors to facilitate the growth of their lesbian and gay clients, they must be familiar with and become sensitive to the special needs of this population; however, counselors (Graham, Rawlings, Halpern, & Hermes, 1984), and counselor trainees (Buhrke, in press; O'Connor, 1987; Thompson & Fishburn, 1977) have received little exposure to lesbian and gay issues and thus may not be adequately trained to deal with these clients.

One way of increasing counselors' and counselor trainees' awareness and sensitivity is to incorporate lesbian and gay issues into counselor training programs. The purpose of this article is to present a limited, but varied, list of resources that can be used to supplement materials in traditional courses in counselor training so as to better prepare counselors for dealing with lesbian and gay clients.

INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING

When presenting an overview of client populations, instructors can include lesbian women and gay men in the discussion of oppressed groups. Norton (1982) suggested counselor educators use lesbian and gay problems as illustrative cases of counseling concerns. General information regarding lesbian women and gay men can be provided, along with specific information regarding topics such as AIDS and homophobia. The following are general educational resources:

Bell, A.P., & Weinberg, M.S. (1978). Homosexualities: A study of diversity among men and women. New York: Simon & Schuster. Bell, A.P., Weinberg, M.S., & Hammersmith, S.K. (1981). Sexual preference: Its development in men and women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.

Bohn, T.R. (1983/1984). Homophobic violence: Implications for social work practice. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 2, 91-112. Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Ed.). (1987). Lesbian psychologies: Explorations and challenges. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. Cruikshank, M. (Ed.). (1980). The lesbian path. Tallahassee, FL: Naiad. Helquist, M. (Ed.). (1987). Working with AIDS: A resource guide for mental health professionals. San Francisco: University of California SF AIDS Health Project.

Krieger, S. (1983). The mirror dance: Identity in a women's community. Philadelphia: Temple University.

Paul, W., Weinrich, J.D., Gonsiorek, J.C., & Hotvedt, M.E. (Eds.). (1982). Homosexuality: Social, psychological, and biological issues. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Price, R.E., Omizo, M.M., & Hammett, V.L. (1986). Counseling clients with AIDS. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 96-97. Stanley, J.P., & Wolfe, S.J. (1980). The coming out stories. Watertown, MA: Persephone. Vida, G. (Ed.). (1978). Our right to love: A lesbian resource book. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

COUNSELING THEORIES AND

PRACTICE/PRACTICUM

An important place for counselor educators to incorporate lesbian and gay issues is in counseling theories and practice courses. There are several ways in which these issues should be addressed. The first way is that educators should point out the heterosexist bias-the value that heterosexuality is more natural than and superior to lesbian and gay life-styles (Morin, 1977)-inherent in many traditional theories of counseling. For example, when discussing counseling theories, educators should note that Freud's genital stage of development prescribing heterosexual pairing (Crain, 1985) and Levinson's (1978) notion of the "special woman" in adult men's development are examples of heterosexist bias in counseling theory. The counselor educator should point out how these views exclude the experiences of many lesbian women and gay men and should discuss the impact this exclusion may have on these people.

During microskills and prepracticum training, educators should include role plays involving lesbian and gay clients. These role plays should involve both issues specific to lesbian women and gay men (e.g., a gay man deciding to "come out" to his boss) and those not specific to lesbian women and gay men (e.g., a lesbian woman experiencing grief over the loss of a primary relationship). It is important for the trainee to learn to discriminate when the client's sexual orientation should be

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